GnuPG

GnuPG is a free and libre implementation of the PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption protocol. PGP, which has existed since 1997, is the de-facto standard for asymmetric encryption online and offline.

Asymmetric encryption refers to a model of encryption where every individual holds two mathematically-linked keys; the private/secret key, and the public key.

Put simply, a public key allows you to encrypt information in such a way that only the person who possesses the secret key will be able to decrypt it; this is why it’s safe to distribute your public key to everyone. If a user wanted to send an encrypted message to another user, all it takes is the other user’s public key and some PGP software to encrypt that message so that only the recipient will be able to read it.

If you want to know more about how asymmetric encryption actually works, you can learn more here.

Generating Keys

While there are plenty of graphical clients available for PGP, the terminal client “GnuPG” will be demonstrated here. It’s the most widely available on nearly every UNIX-like OS, like Linux and BSD.

Simply run:

gpg --full-gen-key

Now follow the prompts, and enter any relevant identity information you want to use with your key.

Identities

Every PGP public key supports identities. This means you can give a key a name and an associated email in supported clients. Not only can you send encrypted messages with PGP, but you can also verify a user’s identity through the use of fingerprints.

To edit any of the parameters of your key, run the following command with your key’s fingerprint:

gpg --edit-key FCA165AAA90719CE3A9CEF3E3264540BB6A15BAA

This will make you enter the GnuPG shell. Run the uid command to list existing identities:

[ultimate] (1)  Billy (Billy's key) <billy@example.org>

Run the adduid command to add identities to the key, and the deluid command to delete old ones.

Please note: Signatures made for older IDs will not be valid for the new ones.

File Signature and Verification

With your secret key, you can “sign” files for public distribution. This cryptographic signature allows anyone with access to your public key to verify the integrity of the file, and that it was genuinely signed by the purported owner.

Suppose we have a file, file.txt, with the following contents:

Hello world, this is the message I intend to cryptographically sign. Isn't it neat?

There are 3 ways to sign a file:

“Normal” signing – Compressing the file and merging it with its signature
Clearsigning – Not compressing the file but still merging it with a signature
Detached signing – Creating a separate file with the signature

“Normal” Signing

“Normal” signing is done as follows:

gpg --sign file.txt

This would produce file.txt.gpg, a compressed binary file.

To simply verify the integrity of the file without uncompressing it, run:

gpg --verify file.txt.gpg

To actually access the file contents while verifying the signature, run:

gpg --decrypt file.txt.gpg

Clearsigning

Clearsinging uses the --clearsign option:

gpg --clearsign file.txt

This would produce file.txt.asc with the following plaintext file and signature:

The bottom part with all the seemingly random characters is the actual signature of the file. Copying only the bottom part allows you to “detach” the plaintext signature for use on webpages or on paper.

To verify a plaintext clearsigned signature, run:

gpg --verify file.txt.asc
# Include the message in the output
gpg --decrypt file.txt.asc

Detached Signing

Detached signatures can be created as follows:

gpg --detach-sig file.txt

This would produce file.txt.sig, which can be distributed alongside the original file.txt for anyone to optionally verify the signature.

To verify a file with its detached signature, run the following command:

gpg --verify file.txt.sig file.txt

Communication

PGP is a supported encryption standard for Emails and XMPP messaging. You can use it to maintain a single, consistent private key for all your communication, which is linked to your email address identity.

To encrypt a plaintext message for some specific recipient using their public key, use the following command:

echo "Hello, world" | gpg --encrypt --armor -r alex@denshi.org

This will output the following:

Note: Use the --output option in gpg to give specific filenames for your resulting file. In this case, --output file.txt.encrypted could’ve been picked for easier transport.

To encrypt a plaintext file and output a plaintext encrypted message, run:

gpg --encrypt --armor -r alex@denshi.org file.txt

The above command will output file.txt.asc by default, which can then be sent to the recipient for decryption.

To decrypt a plaintext message you receive, simply run:

gpg --decrypt file.txt.asc

This will print out the message to the command line.

File Encryption

To encrypt any binary file, such as file.zip, simply run:

gpg --encrypt -r alex@denshi.org file.zip

This will produce file.zip.gpg by default, which can be decrypted by running:

gpg --output file.zip --decrypt file.zip.gpg

Congratulations! You now know how to use GnuPG!